Q. How long is a usual record date and how many tunes would you record in the studios?

A. The usual length of a record date (sometimes called session now) is 3 hours according to Musicians Union rules with overtime alloted if we ecorded past 3 hours, it would go in time-blocks of 1/2 hours. Back in the 60s, we usually record 3-4 tunes, maybe 5 in that time. A few like Phil Spector and Brian Wilson insisted on using their 3-hour time to cut only 1 song. Phil would then have us jam the last 5 minutes on a jazz blues etc. for the "B" side. It got so busy in the 60s we were doing 2-3-4 dates a day quite a bit.

FAQ 2

Q. Were you recorded direct or with a microphone back in the 60s?

A. They recorded my bass amp usually with a mike, very close to the amp...and didn't use any compression or EQ either (except for some compression Armin Steiner added on the LA-Motown 60s dates). They liked the sound coming out of the amp, and later in the 60s, they started to record me 1/2 and 1/2. But in the film studios (TV film, movie scores), they used to always mike my amp (60s-70s).

FAQ 3

Q. Were you ever required to play with your fingers (since I know you're exclusively a pick player)?

A. No, no-one ever asked me to play with my fingers as I could get a nice warm finger-sounding sound also with the pick by just turning up the bass a little and turning down the treble sound. And never was ever asked to slap either.

FAQ 4

Q. What was it like to work for Brian Wilson?

A. Brian was always a fine guy to work for...sure, he was sort of intensive in his work, but we liked that. He'd come in and play piano to give us the feel for the tune, then go in the booth, where Chuck Britz had set up the board for him and would sit by in case he was needed by Brian who also engineered his sounds. Brian would give us instructions from the booth where he'd experiment with sounds. I never knew Brian was a bass player until much later, he never played bass in front of me....we knew he was special, he had the bass parts all written out (except for one lick I got in on "Calif. Girls" that was mine, the rest of the notes were his).

FAQ 5

Q. Is that you on the Barney Miller Theme?

A. Many people have asked me this question as it sounds like my style. That's actually the fine Chuck Berghofer on elec. bass, plus I understand he made up that line which later was written as years afterwards, Jim Hughart (former student of mine btw, great talent and had elec. bass hits of his own too) did some of the Barney Miller things too. But definitely that's mainly Chuck, who used to play string bass on the Nancy Sinatra and Jody Miller things we'd record together -- Chuck is also on the movie soundtrack "Bird", he OD'd some string bass on that fine film. He's a fine jazz string bassist -- Pete Jolly lps, etc.

FAQ 6

Q. Did you do Motown dates in Detroit?

A. No, we did quite a few dates out here in LA from 1963 on (spoken about in Berry Gordy's book, plus a film interview he did in 1964 talking about all the great hit tracks coming out of LA etc.). Motown has always had offices out here (2 floors of suites in the Sunset/Vine Tower building since 1963) where Marc Gordon's wife used to work for Motown as a secretary...Marc, Frank Wilson (LA native), Hal Davis and others were the LA producers....then when the Musicians' Union busted Motown for doing sessions w/o a recording license (about 1967) Motown "announced" they were "moving" to LA...but they've been out here for years before that. Armin Steiner speaks of recording many of their Motown hits at his LA studios here in MIX Magazine (mid-80s), as others such as Joe Sample, Earl Palmer, etc. do in magazine articles in the past -- see "Backbeat...The Earl Palmer Story" (Smithsonian). I've always said it was James Jamerson who started the Motown bass styles in Detroit, and played so great on the bulk of the Motown hits. When he moved to LA, I even helped him get studio work out here and had high respect for him.

Recently, I had lunch with a friend of mine, the noted Perry Botkin Jr., famed arranger/composer ("Bless The Beasts And The Children", Nadia's Theme, etc.) and he was stunned that there's even been a doubt that a lot of Motown 60s hits were cut out here in LA as he remembers going up to the Motown offices early 60s - knew that we were *all* busy cutting Motown hits out here since 1962-63....as Lester Sill reports also on his note about my recording Motown bass hits out here (the great Lester Sill is a producer-legend and ran Gordy's Jobete Publishing firm). Perry says "I always thought that Motown was an LA company with all that recording going on out here, was shocked to find out they even were in Detroit at first".

FAQ 6a

Q. But why isn't there documentation to support this?

A. What we recorded for Motown early on was mostly paid in cash ("demos" they were called) like our bunch of studio musicians sometimes did in the early 60s for the young record companies who were just getting started in LA. Most studio musicians will not admit this, it was verboten for Union musicians to do that....we'd make the fledgling companies go "Union" the minute they used those tracks and wanted us to record more...that's how the Union got so many record companies in the Union which helped the 60s work stay Union. We did not do that with Motown for various reasons..........most of us naively believing (at first) that they were just "demos" (see Armin Steiner's statement in Library-Photos). Someone later told the Union, and that's when they announced "moving to LA"......they've always been out here and there were no recording contracts around anywhere (union contracts - even legitimate-appearing ones -- written on old paper -- don't guarantee those were the musicians on the dates anyway -- music sometimes is re-recorded) until some recording contracts surfaced decades later -- after one was made up for "My Girl" for royalty-collecting purposes. "My Girl" was a Detroit-cut product totally but then had Hollywood horns placed on the contract - then all of a sudden "more contracts" were "found" :-). With such poor record-keeping, it's a wonder that there aren't more people claiming this and that for their own personal agendas. One such self-serving person even created scenarios around his own invented quotes, saying I said this or that, which is completely untrue, complete fiction. This is a prejudiced guitar-player writer whose book earns him good income, who at one time screamed at me on the phone - he also sued the Detroit musicians he had been leading.

Union contracts are normally a lot more trustworthy than so-called "studio sheets" (actually note-paper by engineers of record companies) but in some cases, there are many inaccurate contracts...something that Russ Wapensky, actual researcher and trusted author of an upcoming book (due out in 2001, researched for 10 years from Union records and interviews with scores of people involved) has been discovering and cost him years of work on. He's the only one btw who is allowed into Union vaults as others, down through the years, had misrepresented themselves as bona-fide "researchers" and either misplaced, lost contracts (a few of which have appeared on the backs of illegal recordings coming out of Japan of all places etc) or just out and out stole the contracts. Yes, I'm sorry I ever recorded for Motown.

FAQ 7

Q. What kind of strings have you always used?

A. I've always used medium-gauge flatwound strings since I play exclusively with a hard pick (with a flat wrist, not like guitar players). And I always use a doubled up piece of felt muting on top of the strings just over the bridges to dampen the over- and under-tones for a cleaner recorded sound too (good for live work also). If you play with fingers and maybe sometimes with a pick, I'd advise to use only the foam underneath the strings barely touching the strings for this sort of muting of unneeded extra-tones.

FAQ 8

Q. When did you first start playing elec. bass?

A. I was a jazz guitar player, beginning my professional gigs in 1949, and finally playing in jazz clubs in LA in the late 50s when Bumps Blackwell came in and asked me to do some record dates w/Sam Cooke in Dec. 1957 (I was playing with Teddy Edwards, Billy Higgins, Curtis Counce etc. at that time) which I did. And worked as a studio guitar player for many years until late in 1963, someone didn't show up to play elec. bass on a date at Capitol. Can't remember what date it was, but just picked up someone's elec. bass (it was called the "Fender Bass" back then) and started playing it, and it was a hit I believe. I remember thinking "ooh, this is kind of fun, and if I just played bass, I wouldn't have to carry in all the different guitars as required": acoustic and elecs 6s and 12s, Dano, banjo, gut-string, etc. Being able to create more-fun basslines was a factor too. I just was lucky to fall into something that was more fun than playing guitar on rock dates.

FAQ 9

Q. Did you record from 9 to 5, regular business hours?

A. Whoa....(smiling), I wish it was only 9-5. But you had to run when they called you...and we all wound up recording from about 9AM in the morning to almost midnight almost every day of the week mid-60s on. The business had grown so hot by then. You didn't dare say "no", it was highly competitive. You had to be on call for anything and everything in the way of styles, the studios, hours, who you worked for etc. and be on time etc. It was a clean, highly professional on-time no-nonsense business. Only the top musician professionals were allowed in the studios and stayed in for any length of time.

FAQ 10

Q. What was it like to work with Glen Campbell and Leon Russell?

A. As you all know, Glen was a fabulous guitar player - still is, long before he ever sang on his own hit records, and he was an excellent studio musician. Leon also, they were very unique in what they could create with in the way of sounds, soloings, funky licks and especially w/Leon, his left-handed gospel lines on the keyboards. They were both witty, very different tho', Glen being more outgoing, telling jokes, etc. and Leon kind of quiet, throwing in some great 1-liners here and there (he did stand up and do some "preaching" tho' one time). Most of us being from years of big-band, jazz combo work, etc., this was an unusual mixture of highly creative people who at first made up arrangements in the late 50s and early 60s either having bare-bones arrangements (maybe even just chord charts or none too), or being hired because we could augment someone's chart to turn the tune/singer/production into a hit record. Producers knew as soon as key people like Glen or Leon (and a few others) walked in the door, "it was going to be a hit". Another hot solo guitarist was Billy Strange, very fine guitar player and arrranger too. Both Glen and Leon couldn't read really well when the arrangements got more complicated, and I swear this had something to do with them being "stars" too....they both did well, were good to work with and for. Just saw Glen 1-1/2 years go, he looks great!

FAQ 11

Q. What did you think of the Beach Boys, and did you see them on the dates?

A. They were really nice guys....would drop in and listen to the track we cut later in the session, say hello, exchange a joke w/Hal Blaine, smile and wave good-bye. Carl sometimes sat in the booth to record with us on guitar, but that was pretty rare...he's not on the contracts, only Brian would know which ones he was on...he was the youngest, a very nice young man. Brian was always the one in charge and had a wit, would sometimes put us on, and we saw him grow very fast in his music....a genius imo. We had to create parts for all the other groups we cut for, but not Brian. Oh...he'd let the rhythm guitars and drums play what they want (with direction from the booth sometimes), but it was all Brian in the production. We were in awe of BW. And the rest of the BBs were really nice young guys, appreciative of our tracks.

FAQ 12

Q. How old were you when you first started playing music and do you think this is a factor when learning music?

A. I was 13-14 when I first took lessons from Howard Roberts' teacher, Horace Hatchett in Long Beach. Being born from professional musician parents, I usually heard a lot of music early on and think that was a huge influence...my mother's ragtime and classical piano playing and my dad's wonderful trombone sound. No I don't think age is a factor at all. Having known so many different kinds of musicians, some started early in life, some started late....it doesn't matter when you start but the right materials do matter. It was a lucky thing that my teacher was excellent....

FAQ 13

Q. How do you get such a deep bass sound playing with a pick? Why not use a felt pick?

A. First of all, you have to use a very hard pick (a felt pick doesn't get a good defined sound, and limber picks don't either) as that gets the thicker bass sound and with the right amp/bass settings, you never hear a "click" either. But you must play with the beat: downstrokes on the downbeats and upstrokes with the upbeats, with a flat wrist, the bottom of your thumb muscle usually touching a bottom string (no, not for muting but for a home-base" feel), this is where your fine deep bass sound comes from (and picking closer to the end of the neck also). I had the pleasure to show Victor Wooten this picking system recently at the NAMM Trade Show, and he got it quickly within minutes, saw the logic, the strength, and the pick-stroke ideas, how good everything worked together, an honor to teach him. Sometimes tho', it does take awhile to get this system, much different than playing guitar with the movement only coming from a flattened wrist. For the double-time funk, you just pat your foot twice as fast (on every 1/2 beat, 8 beats to the bar) and accordingly 8/8, you pick that way also, it works fine, records rhythmically-perfect, this way of fine inside meter picking. And your sound can vary from very "clicky" (with highs all on like what I recorded the "Mission Impossible" theme, "Boots", some of the Beach Boys recordings etc. with) or very low like the Andy Williams, the Motown, the other hit recordings and TV shows and movies with ("Across 110th St.", Henry Mancini, Ironside, Bill Cosby, Kojak, MASH, Streets Of San Franciso, True Grit, Airport, Sweet Charity, McCloud, Hawaii 5-O, Thomas Crown Affair etc., it's all in the settings and teardrop heavy pick right-wrist technique/sounds.

First ones to play bass with a pick (most Hollywood recordings were done with a pick on bass) was Ray Pohlman 1956 on, Arthur Wright, Rene Hall, myself, Lyle Ritz, Bob West, Larry Knechtel and later, Joe Osborn, Chuck Berghofer, Jim Hughart etc.

FAQ 14

Q. I love your website! You have so much here to discover, so much help to give musicians on your Playing Tips Page and a great friendly Message Board. Was wondering, is there a reason why you don't have a counter?

A. Thanks for your kind words. We decided against a counter as that can be falsely set to any am't. Many sites like to "impress" with totally wrong counter settings....we get 100s of hits everyday and don't need a counter to impress. There are even "false" awards on other sites, unbelieveable what people try to do. We'd just rather have you enjoy the site.

FAQ 15

Q. Where did the term "wrecking crew" come from?

A. That is the name of Hal Blaine's autobio book which was published in 1990. He said in his book, the older studio musicians tho't we 60s studio musicians are going to "wreck the business", the way we dressed and recorded rock and roll (blue jeans, no shaves sometimes...we worked around the clock, even as many as 4-5 recording dates a day).

To be honest with you, no-one heard that term until he put out his book. He got his term from the 1980's east coast rock group "Wrecking Crew". And no, I never heard any of the older studio musicians ever say any unkind or critical word about us at all...if anything, they praised and admired us for creating such a great recording business which benefited them too.

Our group (50-60 of us) of individual free-lance 60s studio musicians, responsible for many of the hot-sellers of the 1960s coming out of Hollywood, were known only as "studio musicians", or sometimes as the "clique"- but never the "wrecking crew" at all. Most studio musicians do not like that term either, since it's phony. Phil Spector probably used Earl Palmer on drums as much as Hal, so the term didn't come from Phil either....there were about 350 or more fine successful studio musicians making good money ("doctors' pay") in recording in LA studios at that time, but most of us are retired and there's less work for studio musicians these days.

PS. I think it's sort of ironic that there is a documentary, aired on TV recently, with the name "Wrecking Crew" in its title - it's the story of a group of murderer-terrorists hired by politicos in the late 1800s to kill people and burn their businesses and homes.

FAQ 16

Q. Do you still teach?

A. Yes, it's very pleasurable to be able to pass along all the experience, the theory, the multi-styled lines, techniques, reading, inventing etc., to others. I've taught guitar since 1949 (the year I became a professional musician) except for the very busy 60s studios years, and then elec. bass beginning in 1969. have written over 27 tutorials, done 100s of seminars, and am the educator for elec. bass at the prestigeous Henry Mancini Institute at UCLA.

FAQ 17

Q. What instrument/amp did you use in the 60s recording sessions and how often would you change strings?

A. I used the Fender Precision bass, with the Fender Super Reverb open-back 4-10" speakers amp for a long time. Then late in the 60s I started using the enclosed cabinet double-amped Versatone amp. You always wiped your strings after each date, and I would carry a chamois for this purpose plus would wipe the strings off with jewelry cleaner once in awhile to keep the strings sounding live, being careful not to get any on the instrument. There was no time to change strings, and instead traded the bass in every 2 years or so. Later in the 70s, I tried the Gibson Ripper bass for a short time (and also the fretless Hohner around 1969 for 2-3 mos., but the fretless sound couldn't compare to the fretted bass for recording), but went back to the stock Fender Precision when playing live with Hampton Hawes 1974 on. Later I used the Music Man with Walter Woods Amp top & Fender 4-10 bottom, then a Hybrid Fender Copy, Fender Prec. Lyte w/Polytone MiniBrute Amps, since 2004 Ibanez SRX690 with GK 150 amps (and Ibanez RT Series Elec. Guitar with Duncan Jazz pick-up)."

FAQ 18

Q. Am thinking of getting a 5-string bass, did you ever play a 5-string?

A. I've tried 5-string basses, think they're neat, just not for me tho'...the low B string sort of controls the band on the bottom end a little too much in my opinion, great for church tho'. The jazz bass players of my group only use 4-string basses altho' some of the younger ones still play a 5, but many out here in LA are getting away from 5-strings, opting for 4-string basses.

FAQ 19

Q. How did you stay awake and keep the tension off while working so many record sessions, and what is an "A&R" man?

A. Believe it or not, we drank tons of coffee, and while the guys smoked a lot (from boredom, there's no tension once you've done 2-3 dates, just trying to stay awake is the problem), I never acquired that habit. Also, you never saw any drugs used by session musicians until a a little in the 70s. Drugs and booze were totally frowned on (and always have been in the TV and movie score sessions) while drugs were sometimes popular with live-players. The term "A&R" stands for "artists and repertoire", an older term meaning "producer".

FAQ 20

Q. I know you are playing elec. bass with the click sound on Nancy Sinatra's "These Boots Were Made For Walking" but how'd you get that opening sliding sound?

A. That's Chuck Berghofer on string bass on that sliding sound. Chuck played "longer" sounding sliding notes at first, but producer Lee Hazelwood asked him to make them much shorter sliding notes, and after a quick 2 takes (it was the last tune on the session), the rest was history.

FAQ 21

Q. Who played the sax part on the "Pink Panther" TV show and movie?

A. That's Plas Johnson, wonderful studio sax man who also did some yakety-sax solos on the 50s and 60s rock and roll dates, altho', being black, he didn't want his name on some of that rock stuff. Plas also was a fine live jazz sax man, some on the Beach Boys dates too. Normally in the 60s, it was the famous Steve Douglas who was known for all the hot rock sax solos (he was the #1 rock sax man in LA studios), the Jack Nitzchie dates etc. but Plas did do a few of those too.

FAQ 22

Q. Do you still do session work?

A. Yes, only for the people I want to work for and if the situation is right...not much these days, but enough.

FAQ 23

Q. How do studio musicians get their work? Does the Musicians Union get you the work?

A. No, the Musicians Union does not refer you for work at all But they do protect your monies, your benefits, pension, etc. with the signatory record and film companies. The Union does help more nowadays with networking, and some locals provide reasonable recording facilites for demos for you to help you get your own work. Back in the late 50s, 60s and 70s etc. and even now, you are known for your fine musicianship, your trustworthiness (you're on-time, you can be counted on for excellent reading and creating abilities etc.) and for your correct studio instrumentation gear.

Many fine musicians just accidently got into studio work as they were heard somewhere in a club by producers (how I got asked in Dec. 1957), were recommended by good reliable sources (friends, contractors, golfing buddies even), or some other means...musicians who were on just one hit record of some kind, and had something unusual to offer (like Glen Campbell, Leon Russell etc.), or who had decades of track records as fine big band musicians (also in the military bands etc.).

You certainly insured yourself by belonging to one of the 3 most-popular answering services, so contractors could easily put out calls to you for record dates, and were super-professional when you did get the chance to record. It was really up to you to prove yourself worthy of this most-prestigeous occupation -- the tape "don't lie" as we used to say. Smooth-talking, submitting resumes, bragging, etc. did NOT get you to 1st base here -- it was strictly could the record/film co. make money off of your talents and did you "fit in"? That was the criteria...fitting in, meaning you played your tail off, you were on time, you had the right studio gear, you were mostly pleasant to work with, took direction well, didn't have a big head, had years of playing experience under your belt in most styles of music, could read as well as create music on the spot etc. and weren't on drugs, booze, or an angry person.

They didn't give a hoot if you were a famous person, great player or not, if there was a "problem", you weren't allowed in the studios. No-one played your instrument for you. No, it wasn't "cold-hearted" at all, but it's unfair to the self-disciplined studio musicians to put up with a "less-than" talented or problem-person....it was very intensive recording, harder playing than ever on-stage, and your professionalism had to be the utmost in the studio where it was more important to cut a hit-recording, than to be a "performer".

The payoff was huge, great monies, you didn't have to leave your family to go on the road, you had the admiration and respect of the whole city of LA, as well as your fellow-musicians, arrangers/producers/composers etal. and your job was fairly secure (especially in the movie and TV-film studios where age was not so much a factor as on record dates) as long as you played great, and could be counted on.

Word of mouth got you your work more than anything, and fine studio musicians liked to work with other fine studio musicians -- it made the dates less of a drudge, and more pleasant then. Remember, this was a BUSINESS, not for "fun" playing on stage in front of an audience. It is an art to record a hit-record, cut a TV or movie film score, record a fine commercial and industrial film....and they all wanted the finest of musicians, most-skilled self-disciplined musicians.

FAQ 24

Q. What was your hardest recording session? Your weirdest? Your funniest? Your most exciting time?

A. Well...the toughest had to be "Beneath The Planet of The Apes" (Fox), a Leonard Roseman score, very very tough. They had 2 of us bassists playing an odd-time (something like 11/8) against another odd-time the rest of the band and the other bassists played (think it was 4-1/2 time). That literally made me sweat...first time my heart pounded on record dates in all my life. Beautiful score, great music, but hard to read and execute - the toughest.

The weirdest one has to be "The Duel", one of Steven Spielberg's first films (maybe his 1st) we recorded out at Universal. You get to see the movie as you record. Most of the orchestra would be counting bars (you always wore the click track headsets, and then counted the bars to when you entered, no problem) and staring at the stark walls didn't get it, so you looked at the movie. After a few scenes, it was apparent the truck driver was the bad guy - out to kill this lone driver on the road (no dialogue). Well, I played low double stops in that movie, a few other cues, I was the "gear-shifting" of that truck. Now I've always loved truck-drivers, they always helped women w/flat tires, etc., but that night I drove home, saw a truck in my mirror and froze stiff. The potent movie of Speilberg's did that not only to me but to others too I found out. They paid me a lot of money to play those truck gear sounds!

OK, the funny one, well two funny ones. I worked quite a bit out at Fox, great scoring stage, nice guys, good bass sounds (MASH, Room 222, The Foxes, many great films cut there). Emil Richards is this short Italian excellent percussionist. At a dull moment, he starts laughing into his vibes mike which has the Echoplex attachment repeater on it, so it kept repeating his laughs. Pretty soon, we're all getting the giggles so hard, they had to call a break - it was hard to stop...Mancini did that too on one of his dates, and we couldn't stop laughing - his infectious giggley laugh (when he'd accidently play the wrong bridge to something he started as a piano solo on a take), kept us going, it was hard!

An exciting date, well that had to be "River Deep Mountain High" with Phil Spector at Gold Star with Tina Turner. I never saw so many people packed like sardines in the booth in my life. Almost as many people there as studio musicians in the main room (we were sitting on top of each other almost). The arrangement was something else, we knew this was a another "Spector-acula" special! Phil was adament about not giving us breaks (the guys loved it when I was 8 months pregnant, I always said "Phil I have to go to the bathroom" and he'd call a break...but otherwise, nada). But we knew this was a special date, it was just fun all the way. With Phil dressed to the teeth doing his Svengali magic in the control booth.

FAQ 25

Q. Did you ever write a song?

A. Yes, wrote a few, and Tenn. Ernie Ford recorded one of my songs (Billy Strange was the arranger) in 1965, and it was on the Billboard chart with a bullet at about #63 when they decided to put out our newly-cut version of "16 Tons", thereby ending my "hit-writing" career. Oh well. But I do have some of my tunes on some of my tapes and Fantasy Records is re-issuing my "Soul Reggae" which is on Charles Kynard's "Reelin' With The Feelin'" lp.

FAQ 26

Q. What was it like being the only woman in a man's world, you were the first one at a time before the women's lib movement? Were you hassled by the men?

A. Hahahaha, well if you ask trumpter Ollie Mitchell, he'll laugh and tell you "Carol hassled the men, are you kidding?" Sure the guys will play hard-ball sometimes, testing you out...but all I had to do was play great and feed back to them what they said to me, saying something like "well you play good for a guy", or "aw you dumb ----" or (after a series of humorous put-downs, remember I loved these guys, they were like brothers, it was all in fun) "you sure are sexy for a fat guy". Just make sure you're not defensive about your musicianship being poor, you first need to get that together.

No, I *never* thought of myself as a "woman playing guitar" or "a woman playing bass", I was a guitarist and then a bass player. I do advise women to let the men be men but if they get in a bind, feed it back to the guys what they sound like, but never just go and attack them....do it mitt humor....you can get everyone laughing and you've cured something that might be starting.

We were locked up in the studios together, and the men were and still are my family too. I love all those guys. Plus there were many many fine women jazz musicians back in the 40s and 50s, it's not like it started with women's lib....but it was sure lucky I was a guitar player back when rock started for studio work. No, no hassles at all, but a ton of respect and admiration...but you can't let anything go to your head, just go and do the work - don't play the biz like a "female" but as a good pro, it always works out.

FAQ 27

Q. I've been playing now for a few years and want to expand my musicianship - what should I buy from your tutorials to get more ideas and how much should I practice to get to play really well?

A. This is a variable question...it depends on what styles you're after. My tutors are all designed just for people like yourself (altho' some outright beginners have done well with them too). If you're interested in commercial music (rock-funk-blues-pop-Motown-soul-gospel-latinetc.), then I'd probably advise the Bass Video Course and books with the tapes to them if you're not much of a reader.

Since you play already then don't get the "Rock-Funk Bass Tape and Guide", that's mainly for beginners. But if you're looking ahead to learn jazz theory and theory for soloing and walking, then probably the "Jazz Bass tape and guide" will be good for you in addition to the Bass Video Course...those items don't require a lot of reading abilility at all.

Later you can get the "Standards I" (good for walking practice and ideas), "Pro's Jazz Phases" (good for the right lines to play) and soon my new "Jazz Improv For Bass" will be out soon too...a do-it-yourself getting your soloing chops and ideas going according to chordal approaches (the right ways, not those unworkable backward note-scales that stop your ear-training, but the fine chordal tone, pivot b5, stacked triads methods that work).

My books all have the great commercial lines I've invented and used in my career as a studio musician and are wonderful for study and playing as they are in so many various different styles....something the ordinary bass player needs as they normally don't have that type of experience.

The tutors all work well for you to expand your natural talents with. And the Courses are logical and well-explained -- "user-friendly" with no waste, but plenty of knowledge and practice for you.

I wouldn't practice more than 1 hour a day, except when for jazz soloing sometimes -- your mind can turn to mush with too much practice. But do visualize yourself playing when listening to music too, that's almost as good as outright practice without the boredom. Also, except a little warmup with a jazz lick, never a scale, don't play the day of your gigs to keep it all fun and fresh.

FAQ 28

Q. I always thought the groups of the 60s recorded their own music, and just recently found out it was your bunch of studio musicians who recorded my favorite hits. Was our baby-boomer generation scammed about our 60s music, since studio musicians were never credited with recording the 60s music we grew up with and lived our lives by?

A. From posting on many Boards on the Web, I sense a feeling at first of one of disbelief, then real anger, and finally total acceptance of how things went down about the way that music of the 60s was recorded, advertised and written about. There is always a certain amount of wrongful data getting out. It's not a science, it's the music business.

There will be a well-researched book out by the end of this year ('99) by Russ Wapensky, a highly-regarded meticulous researcher who has spent years in not only interviewing the LA studio musicians, but is also the most-trusted researcher over the years of our Musicians' Union recording contracts (which our pensions and re-uses are based off of, the best written records of accurate records of studio musician credits, along with our personal logs and app't books). His book will be out on Greenwood Press about our studio musician credits 1945-69, and is almost finished now.

Whatever phase you are in in acceptance of how things were done back then, you will certainly finally learn more truths and get a better perspective with the many studio musicians who are now writing their own books. The only two that are out are "The Wrecking Crew" by Hal Blaine, and "Backbeat...The Earl Palmer Story" by Tony Scherman (and Earl Palmer, publisher: Smithsonian). Others to come out soon.

To say it was a "scam", in some sense, yes....when the Monkees kept repeating in news releases that they "cut their own music" (when we all knew we did their musical tracks for them in the 60s), well...that's show-biz, and others too, same way.

I've publicly (in my tutor books) claimed the same credits since 1969 when I wrote my first educational book, and in my 1970-written bass cassette course, wrote quite a bit about our studio work, the artists etc. This got out some to the general public back in the 70s, there was no general feeling of disbelief back then, but seems to be some isms of sort going on today when the same information is out in the press.

For instance, somehow, it's harder for people to believe today that a "woman" can play as well as men for some reason (which wasn't a problem back in the 70s to believe).

Maybe it's the lack of connectedness to the time when fine women musicians proliferated in the world of 50s jazz, maybe it's because there are so many women being made out to be "stars" who really can't play well, maybe the "categories" of who can play soul and who can't are more severe these days, not sure...but the prejudice is there more than ever imo.

And sometimes the vision thing doesn't "fit" in people's minds...there will always be generations of people wanting to believe what is being preached to them in magazines, books, the press as "the truth", something easier to live their lives by.

But as one matures, it's easier to see the discrepancies and it's this fact that is the hardest to accept if you've been close to music of the 60s, the background of which was hidden because of prejudices back then (and now).

The 60s sales distribution force was interested in sales, not truths as to how the product was "made", that was immaterial. So you were led to believe certain things. One thing, to look at our 60s group of musicians together in photos, do you think the music would be bought as much back then?

It's up to people to believe things with a grain of salt in the news media which gets it wrong more than right sometimes. Music is a very personal thing to most people, and that's wonderful, it's a beautiful art-form, but to make it a sort of "god" is not right.

Some people get carried away as their belief system cannot accept "new" ideas, new isms and you'll find plenty of zealots out there, working their way with people's like-belief systems for awhile until they're found out.

Studio musicians were NOT interested in becoming "stars"....we were part of the processs in business to make people into "stars". We knew the ropes on that, saw the whole thing from the inside, something the general public, including many live musicians have little or no idea of.

It's a business, but a tough competitive business - you had to be extremely great on your instrument and very self-disciplined, having a multitude of all kinds of musical skills, and be totally reliable.

We were very content making a great living playing music (howbeit, sometimes very boring, playing very mundane music styles we didn't like to personally play, but that's got nothing to do with it, our personal likes and dislikes do not enter into this at all, it was a business).

We were not into the fantasy of being a "star" for our own uses or self-esteem. We took care of our families by insuring that we would have work "next year" by doing an excellent job in all styles of music: rock, surf, blues, pop, funky stuff, soul, latin-soul, gospel, commercial music of all kinds inc. some commercial jazz (jazz was not much of a money-maker for record co's tho')....and saw what a grind being a "star" was, how fragile, how much work to be "on-stage", dealing with managers, record co's, accountants, road managers, back-up traveling musicians, repertoire, rehearsals, and yes, the press and PR stuff.....it was unbelieveable!!

No, we were content just to be "in the background", recording (and in most instances at first, helping to create) their hits for them, having the respect of all of LA, and making more money than any musician could possibly make altho' it took a toll on our health to play intensely all those hours, drink so much coffee, smoke so many cigarettes and be alert up to more than 16 hours a day when we did it...playing probably more hours than 10-20 other musicians ever would in their lifetime, yes it was a GRIND!

But it paid the bills, helped us raise our kids and we still played music, better than traveling on the road, making 1/4 as much, and being away from our families. Our Musicians Union insured our pension and re-use benefits...if they chose not to insist that our names be on the back of the record albums back in the 60s (as they were from 1973 on), then that didn't bother us at all.

But the new music of the rock and roll led people to believe in the 60s a certain way...and that's too bad as it coincided with heavy drug uses ("to be like my idols") I believe, and that was unfortunate. Most of the studio musicians were never into drugs and booze, you couldn't do your job on drugs, no way, and we didn't want to use drugs, why do that?

It was known as stupid back then-- most of us saw what happens to live musicians on drugs as we played in clubs for many years before studio work.

So yes, in a sense it was a "scam" to the "credit-conscious" world, but the world is full of scams...you just have to be aware and as you get older, you learn how to think for yourself and don't live your life through idols or hearsay books.

It's wonderful to admire people who do something beautiful like create music - enjoy it but know there'll always be some arguments about music credits -- the record co's only want to sell records, other people have their agendas.

Remember that, and remember to question who is making a lot of money by presenting controversy too...it's a shame to defame people to do that, sometimes it happens, but it's more a shame to create more wrongs in mistaken beliefs and ignorance.

The studio musicians are just now beginning to reveal their full roles of something that studio musicians have always done in other music styles (20s, 30s, 40s and 50s), that of recording music. Something today's general public has little or no idea about, so yes, it'll be a little shock when they finally do find out but then the world moves on.

FAQ 29

Q. Why are your credits sometimes in question and not anyone else's?

A. Ignorance, prejudice, and stirring up business w/controversy (and attention) plus the fact that they can't believe a woman did anything like that (imo), plus the fact that no credits were given back in the 60s (very rarely) and were not required until about 1973.

Upon mentioning this a few times to my dear friend, and wonderful Boss (Nancy Sinatra things, Jody Miller, Glenn Yarborough, so many wonderful dates, even Elvis etc.) the famous and wonderful arranger/composer/producer/guitarist Billy Strange, who, after learning of some libel out there, wanted me to quote his following message:

"Dear CK, all the musicians in L.A. know you to be the MOST truthful and honest person in the music business. Yes, you have been known to speak your mind on many a subject, ALWAYS TRUTHFULLY. I take that as being a badge of honor and courage, upholding what you know to be fact, and telling it like it REALLY IS, and WAS, concerning the early years in the L.A. recording industry.

Those of us who have worked with you over the years, and most particularly during those times, can attest to the fact that YOU DID A GREAT DEAL OF MOTOWN PRODUCT IN L.A. Having done a much smaller amount of recording with the Gordy/Motown group myself, I can verify the fact of your having done 0NE HELL-UV-A-LOT of those L.A. produced Motown product. I only wish that I'd been privy to ALL of your work with them, and that I could rattle off each and every artist and song title that you were involved with recording for the label during its hey-days, there in Los Angeles.

Carol, we, the recording musicians of Los Angeles, KNOW what enourmous contributions you made to the Motown cause. And what you have contributed to the entire L.A. music community over the great many years in which you have participated in, and given of your exstremely unique talents to the recording industry as a whole.

Love to my most favorite bass player in the entire world, Billy Strange (The Boss)

Feel free to use the above quote also."

Thank-you Billy, you've always been so great to me, and wish everyone could know you like we all do....you're the salt of the earth, with a big beautiful heart that matches your great talent, Boss - hugs, CK.

FAQ 30

Q. Do you play different licks for different styles in your playing and did you always play hard "like a man"?

A. You bet, it all depends on the kind of song it is, the character of the mood of music, the way you fit in with the rest of the group you're playing with. A drummer may fill in a totally different way than another drummer, and you take that into consideration...you don't want to step in "their territory", you want to compliment them. The bassist is unique in the sense that what you play puts a total framework around everyone else's playing, as well as the song, the singer, what is happening around you. When you do this quite a few 100s of times in the studios, it gets automatic. You cut it and then forget it and go on to the next date. You don't even remember the name of the tune a lot of times (unless something memorable, the style music you especially love, or interesting stuff about it etc.) -- remember, these were NOT hits at the time you recorded them. I just heard "Urizon" for the first time in years when a DJ sent me a tape of our recent live radio interview. Probably haven't heard it since we cut it....but it all came back to me, and it was really fresh, nice to "go back and touch bases again with your past". Some people just usually listen to "Hikky Burr" and think I did "nothing else hip like that" when there were literally tons of things I did which fit the situation, but a few maybe think "it had to be a man" because I usually always played hard. Hahahaha, the "bongos" effect again! (note: Am listed as bongos player on a great deal of the Ray Charles hit records contracts!). One player even had the nerve to say about his playing "I play like a man - you can tell on ______TV show" trying to differentiate himself from me in a metaphor one time...I was on the floor laughing! Guess he never heard Mission Impossible and others. But yes, tons of licks, it depends on the style and the tune of course. On the Elec. Prunes stuff, I was trying everything until Dave Ax said "yeh, stick with that a little" that kind of thing. He knew what he was going to put on top of our track, but we really had a clue much of the time. Ray Charles along with Brian Wilson knew I did some of the Motown recordings and Ray loved that way I played. Brian loved the orig. I Was Made To Love Her and altho' what we cut with him was with a different drummer, and I couldn't quite remember note for note (tons of notes) what all I had played on the orig., the feel and most of the notes and sounds do match....he liked that. Yes, I've always usually played like a "man" except for some special sensitive parts maybe, you do have a little leeway on elec. bass. I have to tell you a story: one time I was doing a Glen Campbell date about 1974 in a Hollywood studio and we were done recording, walking out the door together when an excited fan rushed up to our group looking for "Carol Kaye" in the front part of the studio. Everyone pointed to me and he looked shocked "but you're a woman"! "Yes" I said, "my ex-husband, my kids, my boyfriend, everyone thinks I'm a woman"! The guys including Glen just roared....they love this kind of stuff. I think that poor guy took was still shaken as I signed an autograph for him, probably took awhile to get over that.